Effect of High-Intensity Interval, Moderate-Intensity Continuous, and Self-Selected Intensity Training on Health and Affective Responses.

Purpose: To compare the effects of 12-week high-intensity interval (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on health outcomes and affective responses. Methods: Seventy-three overweight/obese inactive adults (62% woman; age, 31.4 ± 7.2 years; height, 1.66 ± 0.09 cm; Body mass index, 28.9 ± 2.7 kg.m-2) who were randomized into HIIT (n = 23), MICT (n = 24) and SSIT (n = 26) groups. The training was conducted three times per week in an outdoor environment, with 4 weeks under direct supervision and 8 weeks with semi-supervision. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and metabolic profile were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 4th and 12th weeks. Core affect was measured during all training sessions. Results: Peak oxygen uptake improved in all groups after 4 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. Only the SSIT had reductions in body fat throughout the intervention. No improvements were observed in the metabolic profile across all groups. SSIT was perceived as more pleasurable than HIIT; however, there were no differences in affective responses between SSIT and MICT. Affective responses in-task (e.g. negative and positive peak, rate of change and affect at the end of the exercise session) predicted the HIIT and SSIT exercises attendance rate. Conclusion: Regardless of the exercise training protocol, overweight/obese inactive adults improved health outcomes, which suggests the prescribing HIIT, MICT, and SSIT in outdoor environments. SSIT should be considered in order to optimize the pleasure during training sessions. Affective response more positive in-task of the HIIT and SSIT is associated with greater attendance rate in these exercise protocols.

Upper and lower limb bone mass accrual in adolescent footballers across a short period of training and competition.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze bone mineral content (BMC) and area bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent male footballers who started their first football season. METHODS: 17 athletes (14.8 ± 0.4 years) were monitored across 15 weeks of football training. Participants were evaluated for somatic maturation (HPHV), BMC, and aBMD at three time points: before (M1) and after (M2) a preparatory phase, and at the end of the competitive phase (M3). BMC and aBMD were measured using DXA scans. Participants were divided into groups according to maturation status (circa-PHV and post-PHV), and the amount of accumulated training load (median split). RESULTS: A significant effect (12.1 g/week, standard error (SE) = 2.6 g/week) was observed for lower limbs BMC across the three time points. There were no significant effects of time for upper limbs BMC. There was a significant effect of time for total body aBMD (0.007, SE = 0.003 g/cm2/week) across the three time points. Adolescents at post-PHV had a significant 245.6 g (SE = 56.1 g) higher BMC compared to adolescents at circa-PHV. No significant effects were observed for the accumulated training load. CONCLUSION: Systematic football training, even during the growth spurt, has a positive impact on adolescent bone markers despite the accumulated training load and maturation.

The Influence of Different Training Load Magnitudes on Sleep Pattern, Perceived Recovery, and Stress Tolerance in Young Soccer Players.

ABSTRACT: Ferreira, ABdM, Ribeiro, BLL, Batista, EdS, Dantas, MP, and Mortatti, AL. The influence of different training load magnitudes on sleep pattern, perceived recovery, and stress tolerance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 351-357, 2023-The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of 3 weeks on sleep parameters, perceived recovery, and stress tolerance in young soccer players using different training load magnitudes. A total of 13 young male soccer athletes (15.9 ± 0.5 years; 68.7 ± 6.1 kg; 170 ± 7 cm) who performed 3 typical training weeks with different workloads were analyzed. The external training load (ETL) was verified by the PlayerLoad method, and the internal training load (ITL) was determined using the session rating of perceived exertion method. Sleep was monitored using a wrist-actigraphy monitor. Sleep variables, including total time in bed (TTB), total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE), were evaluated across all nights of sleep. The recovery status was assessed with the perceived recovery status (PRS) scale, and the stress tolerance was monitored using the "daily analysis of life demands of athletes" questionnaire. There was an increase in sleep time during the week with the highest training load (week 2) (TTB: +35 minutes, TST: +46 minutes, SL: -5 minutes, SE: +3%). There was no difference in the PRS or in the stress tolerance during the evaluation weeks. A very large within-individual correlation was observed between ITL and ETL ( r = 0.78) and moderate within-individual correlation between ETL and TST ( r = 0.34), between ITL and TST ( r = 0.45), and between ITL and SE ( r = 0.359). These results showed that there was an increase in TST during a microcycle with intensified loads, without impairing bedtime and resulting in maintenance of the perceived recovery or stress tolerance values.

Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training Sessions With Different Work-Recovery Durations and Muscle Damage in Trained Men.

Purpose: This study compared the effect of low-volume high-intensity training (LV-HIIT) sessions with different work-recovery durations on muscle damage markers.Methods: Twenty-four trained adult males (22.3 ± 2.9 years; 24.6 ± 2.7 kg∙m-2) performed two LV-HIIT sessions (10 x 60 s and 20 x 30 s at 100% of maximal aerobic speed on treadmill (Vmax) interspersed with equal time passive recovery, respectively) in a randomized, counter-balanced order, separated by a 1-week interval. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and countermovement vertical jump height (CVJH) performance were assessed before, and 24-h and 48-h post sessions.Results: Pressure-pain threshold (PPT), pressure-pain tolerance (PPTol) and perceived pain intensity (PPI) using pressure algometry assessed DOMS in the rectus rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gastroctemius. A non-significant session by time interaction for PPT, PPTol and PPI in all muscles analyzed was observed (all P > 0.260). Additionally, a non-significant session by time interaction was observed for CVJH performance (P = 0.836).Conclusion: LV-HIIT sessions with different work-recovery durations elicited non-significant changes on muscle damage markers following 24- and 48-h in trained males.

Effects of Training Loads on Stress Tolerance and Mucosal Immunity in High-Intensity Functional Fitness Athletes.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of training load on stress tolerance (ST) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in male and female high-intensity functional fitness (HIFF) athletes during two different 10 and consecutive weekly training volume loads [higher (week 1) and lower volume (week 2)]. Methods: 14 athletes [7 males: 29.3 (±5.8) years; 86.3 (±8.2) kg and 176.8 (±3.8) cm and 7 females: 32.7 (±4.4) years; 60.0 (±6.7) kg and 162.5 (±5.9) cm] participated. The ST, assessed by Daily Analysis of Life Demand in Athletes questionnaire (DALDA) and Saliva sampling were performed in four time-points (pre (T1) and post (T2) week 1; pre (T3) and post (T4) week 2). Results: Female athletes showed a decrease in ST (symptoms of stress) from 15 T1 to T3 [F(3,36) = 7.184, p˂ 0.001, ηp2 = 0.374], without difference in male athletes (p > .05). There is a significant difference of SIgA concentration [F(3.36) = 3.551; p = .024; ηp2 = 0.228], with a significant decrease in female athletes group in T2 compared to T1 (p = .013) and T4 (p = .023). In addition, the different training volume loads did not impact mucosal immunity in male athletes (p > .05). Conclusion: The current findings suggest that higher HIFF volume results in decreased ST and SIgA concentration in female 20 athletes and a subsequent decrease in training volume loads contributed to restoring these variables.

Analysis of stress tolerance, competitive-anxiety, heart rate variability and salivary cortisol during successive matches in male futsal players.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the stress tolerance, competitive anxiety, heart rate variability and salivary cortisol before and during successive futsal competitive matches (3 matches in 4 days) in young male futsal players. METHODS: 10 young male futsal players (16.9 ± 0.7 age; 71.0 ± 5.1 kg; 174.9 ± 4.3 cm) were monitored during one training session and across a competitive period with 3 successive matches. External load was determined by the PlayerLoad method, while session rating of perceived exertion was used to calculate the internal training and competitive load. The stress tolerance was examined using Daily Analysis of Life Demand in Athletes questionnaire and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory was used to analyze the competitive anxiety. The Time and frequency monitoring parameters were used to analyze the vagal cardiac autonomic marker. sC was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: A generalized estimating equation showed a significant difference for PlayerLoad from M1 to TS, M2 and M3, from M2 to M3 (p < 0.05), and for session rating of perceived exertion from M1 to Ts and M3 (p < 0.05). A difference for sources [χ2 (3) = 1.481, p = 0.68] or symptoms [χ2 (3) = 3.893, p = 0.27] was not found. There was no significant difference in any of the competitive anxiety [cognitive anxiety (F (1.644; 14.799) = 4.6, p = 0.73, ŋ2 p = 0.28), somatic anxiety (F (2,09; 18,85) = 26.07 p = 0.057; ŋ2p = 0.27) or self-confidence (F(2.07; 18.85) = 15.875 p = 0.152; ŋ2p = 0.18)] domains. The HRV parameters (time domain and frequency) and Salivary Cortisol (sC) (χ2 (3) = 4.320 p = 0.229) did not significantly change during the successive matches. CONCLUSION: The competitive scenario in which the players were evaluated did not significantly modify the stress tolerance, or the athletes' state of anxiety, which in turn was not able to promote changes in the cardiac vagal modulation or in the sC levels before the matches.

Short-Term Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training on Vertical Jump Ability and Aerobic Fitness in Collegiate Volleyball Players During Pre-Season.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of repeated-sprint training (RST) on vertical jump ability and aerobic power in college volleyball players. Nineteen male volleyball players, aged between 18-24 years, were randomized into the RST group (RST; n = 10) and control group (CG; n = 9). The RST included 2-3 sets of 6×30m all-out sprints, twice per week, in addition to the regular training routine. The control group performed only the regular volleyball training sessions (i.e. mainly of technical-tactical drills). All players performed a maximal graded treadmill test, vertical countermovement jump (CMJ), and repeated-vertical jump ability (RVJA) test before and after 6-weeks of the training program. The following variables were determined from the RVJA: peak (RVJApeak), average (RVJAmean), and rate of decrement (RVJADec). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed an interaction effect on CMJ (F (1,17) = 6.92; p = 0.018; η 2 = 0.289), RVJApeak (F (1,17) = 4.92; p = 0.040; η 2 = 0.225), maximal oxygen uptake (F (1,17) = 9.29; p = 0.007; η 2 = 0.353) and maximal speed attained in the treadmill test (F (1,17) = 8.66; p = 0.009; η 2 = 0.337), with significant improvements only on the RST group. In conclusion, RST, twice per week, improved RVJA and aerobic power in comparison to regular skill-based volleyball training.

Agreement between upper and lower limb measures to identify older adults with low skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle quality.

BACKGROUND: Identifying low skeletal muscle strength (SMS), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and skeletal muscle quality (SMQ) is pivotal for diagnosing sarcopenia cases. Age-related declines in SMS, SMM, and SMQ are dissimilar between the upper (UL) and lower limbs (LL). Despite this, both UL and LL measures have been used to assess SMS, SMM and SMQ in older adults. However, it is not clear whether there is agreement between UL and LL measures to identify older adults with low SMS, SMM and SMQ. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the agreement between UL and LL measures to identify older adults with low SMS, SMM and SMQ. METHODS: Participants (n = 385; 66.1 ± 5.1 years; 75,4% females) performed the handgrip strength test (HGS) and the 30-s chair stand test (CST) to assess UL- and LL-SMS, respectively. The SMM was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The UL-SMQ was determined as: handgrip strength (kgf) ÷ arm SMM (kg). LL-SMQ was determined as: 30-s CST performance (repetitions) ÷ leg SMM (kg). Results below the 25th percentile stratified by sex and age group (60-69 and 70-80 years) were used to determine low SMS, SMM and SMQ. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was used for the agreement analyses. RESULTS: There was a slight and non-significant agreement between UL and LL measures to identify older adults with low SMS (κ = 0.046; 95% CI 0.093-0.185; p = 0.352). There was a moderate agreement to identify low SMM (κ = 0.473; 95% CI 0.371-0.574; p = 0.001) and a fair agreement to identify low SMQ (κ = 0.206; 95% CI 0.082 to 0.330; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The agreement between UL and LL measures to identify older adults with low SMS, SMM and SMQ is limited, which might generate different clinical interpretations for diagnosing sarcopenia cases.

A Congested Match Schedule Alters Internal Match Load and Affects Salivary Immunoglobulin A Concentration in Youth Soccer Players.

ABSTRACT: Mortatti, AL, Oliveira, RSCd, Pinto, JCBdL, Galvão-Coelho, NL, Almeida, RN, Aoki, MS, and Moreira, A. A congested match schedule alters internal match load and affects salivary immunoglobulin A concentration in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1655-1659, 2022-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a congested match schedule (CMS) undertaken after a tapering week, on internal match load (IML) and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration in 12 youth soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 years; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed 4 official matches within a 4-day period. Internal match load was determined using the session-rating of perceived exertion method and the competitive strain (CS) and monotony index (MI) were also determined. Saliva sampling was conducted, before the last training day of a tapering week (training) preceding the CMS, 60 minutes before the first match (match-1), and 22 hours after match 4 (postmatch 4). Salivary immunoglobulin A was analyzed by ELISA. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures showed a significant difference for IML across the matches (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in SIgA was observed from prematch 1 to postmatch 4 (p = 0.019). Regarding the change in SIgA (ΔSIgA), 58.3% of the players presented values equal/higher than the minimal detectable change. A large within-individual correlation was observed between ΔSIgA and MI and CS (r = 0.71 and r = 0.72: p < 0.01, respectively). The current findings suggest that youth players participating in a CMS may present a decrease in mucosal immunity function. In addition, data suggest that the MI and CS may be used as valuable markers for monitoring competition load during CMS in youth soccer players.

The Effects of Successive Soccer Matches on the Internal Match Load, Stress Tolerance, Salivary Cortisol and Jumping Performance in Youth Soccer Players.

The study aim was to analyze the effects of successive matches on the internal match load, stress tolerance, salivary cortisol concentration and countermovement vertical jump height in twelve youth soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 yr; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed four official matches within a four day-period with a 24-h recovery interval between the matches. The internal match load, monotony index and competitive strain, as well as stress tolerance were examined. Saliva samples were collected and countermovement vertical jump height was assessed 60 min pre and 30 min post each match; delta of salivary cortisol and countermovement vertical jump height for each match were analyzed. Salivary cortisol was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed no differences between matches for the internal match load (p > 0.05). The scores of the monotony index and competitive strain were 4.3 (±2.3) and 8104 (±6795) arbitrary units, respectively. There was no difference for stress tolerance between matches (p > 0.05). Delta values of salivary cortisol were not different among the assessed matches (F(3,33) = 1.397, p = 0.351, η2: 0.09); however, delta of countermovement vertical jump height decreased from match 1 to match 4 (F(3,33) = 8.64, p < 0.001, η2: 0.44). The current findings suggest that participating in four successive matches, with 24-h of recovery in between, may not lead to changes in stress tolerance and salivary cortisol of youth players, but it may induce a decrease in players' jumping performance after the fourth match.

Differences in Handgrip Strength-Endurance and Muscle Activation Between Young Male Judo Athletes and Untrained Individuals.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare strength-endurance handgrip performance and muscle coactivation between judo athletes and untrained young males. Method: The sample was 38 judo athletes and 38 untrained young males, between 12 and 15 years-old. Maturational status was evaluated by age at peak height velocity. A maximal isometric handgrip test (three 5-s repetitions, with 90-s intervals) and an isometric strength-endurance handgrip test (ten 10-s all-out isometric handgrip repetitions, 20-s intervals) was conducted in dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) hands, using a dynamometer with EMG monitor to detect muscle activation. Results: ANCOVA analysis, controlling for maturational status, showed that judo athletes had higher values of maximal absolute (D = 33.6 ± 8.9 kgf vs 29.1 ± 9.0 kgf; ND = 33.8 ± 9.9 kgf vs 28.1 ± 8.1 kgf) and relative strength to body mass (D = 0.64 ± 0.12 kg/kgf vs 0.57 ± 0.13 kg/kgf; ND = 0.64 ± 0.16 kg/kgf vs 0.56 ± 0.14 kg/kgf). Moreover, judo athletes presented lower strength mean fatigue index (33.2 ± 6.9 % vs 37.9 ± 8.7 %) and muscle coactivation (48 ± 19.8 % vs 57.5 ± 22 %), only in the dominant hand, during the isometric strength-endurance handgrip test. During all repetitions of isometric endurance test there were no group or interaction between factors effects for absolute strength, relative strength and muscle coactivation. Conclusion: In summary, judo athletes present higher maximal absolute and relative strength and strength-endurance performance, concomitantly with decreased muscles co-activation (primary in dominant hand) during handgrip tests.

Do heart rate variability is relationed to endurance performance in female futsal players? / A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca está relacionada ao desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal?

abstract The study aimed to verify the correlation between resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and endurance performance in female futsal players, as well as to evaluate the reliability of this parasympathetic autonomic marker. A total of 16 female futsal players (age: 22 ± 3 years; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) were evaluated during the first week of preseason training. Vagal modulation was evaluated from the HRVrest (i.e., log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R interval differences - Ln-RMSSD) for two consecutive days, while endurance performance was evaluated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Strong correlation between the HRVrest index and endurance performance (r = 0.643; p = 0.007). Reliability was tested through the intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman analysis of the agreement. Furthermore, acceptable repeatability of HRVrest, but with great inter-subject variability (ICC = 0.670, 95%CI = 0.056-0.885, CV = 15.8%). The current study demonstrated a strong correlation between Ln-RMSSD and endurance performance, and despite the acceptable values of intrasubject reliability, HRVrest presented high inter-individual variability in female futsal players.

resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a correlação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca de repouso (VFCRepouso) e o desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal, bem como avaliar a confiabilidade do marcador parassimpático. No total, 16 jogadoras de futsal (idade: 22 ± 3 anos; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram avaliadas durante a primeira semana de treinamento da pré-temporada. A modulação vagal foi avaliada a partir da VFC de repouso (isto é, raiz quadrada da média das diferenças sucessivas ao quadrado dos intervalos R-R adjacentes - Ln-RMSSD) por dois dias consecutivos, enquanto o desempenho da resistência foi avaliado pelo Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para analisar a relação entre as variáveis. A confiabilidade foi testada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, coeficiente de variação e análise de concordância de Bland-Altman. Observou-se uma forte correlação entre o índice de VFCrepouso e o desempenho de endurance (r = 0,643; p = 0,007). Por outro lado, repetibilidade aceitável dos índices de repouso vagal, mas com grande variabilidade interindividual (ICC = 0,670, IC = 0,056-0,885, CV = 15,8%). O presente estudo apresentou forte correlação entre Ln-RMSSD e desempenho de endurance, e mesmo com valores aceitáveis de confiabilidade intrasujeito, a VFC em repouso apresentou alta variabilidade interindividual em jogadoras de futsal.

Effects of Six Weeks of High-Intensity Functional Training on Physical Performance in Participants with Different Training Volumes and Frequencies.

High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is characterized by presenting high volumes and training intensities with constantly varied exercises. The aim of this study was to analyze the internal training load and the effects of high-intensity functional training on physical performance in subjects with different training volumes and frequencies. A total of 31 volunteers involved in high-intensity functional training (14 men and 17 women) were divided according to their training volumes and frequencies (high training-volume and frequency-HTVF; (n = 17) (nine women and eight men; age: 31.0 ± 6.3 years; height: 168.8 ± 8.1 cm, body weight: 73.6 ± 11.9 kg; BMI: 25.96 kg/m2) and moderate training volume and frequency-MTVF; (n = 14) (eight women and six men; age: 26.6 ± 4.7 years; height: 167.2 ± 8.6 cm, body weight: 75.8 ± 18.0 kg; BMI: 27.33 kg/m2)). The internal training load was determined using the session-rating of perceived exertion method. The monotony index (MI) and training strain (TS) were used to determine training variability during the training weeks. Countermovement vertical jump height, 20-m sprinting and handgrip strength were assessed at baseline and after six weeks of training. There was a time effect for MI ((F(5, 145) = 5.942; p = 0.0001)), TS ((F(5, 145) = 5.734; p = 0.0001)), weekly internal training load ((F(4.006, 116.87) = 4.188; p = 0.003)) and mean weekly internal training load ((F(4.006, 116.87) = 4.188; p = 0.003)). There was no increase in performance in either group for countermovement vertical jump height ((F(1,29) = 6.081; p = 0.050)), sprinting ((F(1,29) = 1.014; p = 0.322)), right handgrip strength ((F(1,29) = 2.522; p = 0.123)) or left handgrip strength ((F(1,29) = 2.550; p = 0.121)). The current findings suggest that six weeks of high-intensity functional training was not able to increase performance in either group. Therefore, different volumes and frequencies do not seem to influence the increase in physical performance of HIFT practitioners.

Physiological and Psychological Responses during Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training Sessions with Different Work-Recovery Durations.

We compared physiological and psychological responses between low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) sessions with different work-recovery durations. Ten adult males performed two LV-HIIT sessions in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Specifically, 60/60 s LV-HIIT and 30/30 s LV-HIIT. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), perceived exertion (RPE), and affect were assessed. During intervals, the VO2 (3.25 ± 0.57 vs. 2.83 ± 0.50 L/min), VCO2 (3.15 ± 0.61 vs. 2.93 ± 0.58 L/min), VE (108.59 ± 27.39 vs. 94.28 ± 24.98 L/min), and RPE (15.9 ± 1.5 vs. 13.9 ± 1.5) were higher (ps ≤ 0.01), while RER (0.98 ± 0.05 vs. 1.03 ± 0.03) and affect (-0.8 ± 1.4 vs. 1.1 ± 2.0) were lower (ps ≤ 0.007) in the 60/60 s LV-HIIT. During recovery periods, VO2 (1.85 ± 0.27 vs. 2.38 ± 0.46 L/min), VCO2 (2.15 ± 0.35 vs. 2.44 ± 0.45 L/min), and affect (0.6 ± 1.7 vs. 1.7 ± 1.8) were lower (ps ≤ 0.02), while RER (1.20 ± 0.05 vs. 1.03 ± 0.05; p < 0.001) was higher in the 60/60 s LV-HIIT. Shorter LV-HIIT (30 s) elicits lower physiological response and attenuated negative affect than longer LV-HIIT (60 s).

Monitoramento da carga interna de treinamento, tolerância ao estresse e ocorrência de infecções em jovens atletas de futebol / Monitoring internal training load, stress tolerance and occurrence of infection in young soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a carga interna de treinamento físico (CIT) e correlacioná-la com sinais e sintomas de infecções do trato respiratório superior (ssITRS) e tolerância ao estresse em 26 futebolistas da categoria sub-18 durante quatro semanas de preparação para um campeonato estadual. A CIT foi determinada pelo método da Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço da Sessão (PSE-sessão). Os questionários DALDA e WURSS-21 foram utilizados para avaliar tolerância ao estresse e ssITRS, respectivamente. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre sintomas de estresse e ssITRS nas semanas 2, 3 e 4 (r= 0,75; r=0,61; r=0,59, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças significativas na PSE-sessão, esforço de treinamento e ssITRS entre as semanas analisadas. Em conclusão, os resultados mostram associação entre esforço de treinamento e ssITRS, sugerindo que a capacidade para lidar com o estresse deve ser considerada no monitoramento de jovens atletas de futebol.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the internal training load and its association with signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infections (ssURTI) and stress tolerance in 26 under-18 soccer players during four weeks of training in preparation for a state championship. The Rating of perceived exertion of the session (RPE-session) was used to determine the internal training load. To assess stress tolerance (ST) and ssURTI, Dalda and WURSS-21 questionnaires were used. There were significant correlations between stress tolerance and symptoms of URTI in the weeks 2, 3 and 4 (r=0,75; r=0,61; r=0,59, respectively). No significant differences were observed to RPE-session, ST and ssURTI across the investigated period. In summary, the present results showed significant relationship between strain training and ssITRS suggesting that the ability to cope with stress needs to be considered in monitoring young soccer players.

Carga interna de treinamento em diferentes aulas pré formatadas do sistema Les Mills® / Internal training load in different pre standardized workouts of Les Mills® system

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a carga interna de treinamento imposta em diferentes aulas pré-formatadas do sistema Les Mills® e comparar a percepção de esforço planejada pelo instrutor com a percebida pelas alunas. A amostra foi constituída por 20 mulheres jovens. Foram monitoradas 10 aulas, em duas semanas consecutivas. A carga interna foi determinada pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-sessão). Os valores da PSE-sessão não diferiram significativamente da 1ª para a 2ª semana (Body Combat© = 252 ± 36 vs. 258 ± 39 UA – p=0,64; Body Pump© (terça-feira) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30 UA – p=0,33; Body Step© = 246 ± 51 vs. 252 ± 46 UA– p=0,43; Body Pump© (quinta-feira) = 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA– p=0,06; Power Jump© = 291 ± 44 vs. 315 ± 42 UA– p=0,06). Houve diferença em 50% das aulas no tocante à intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas: Body Combat© (Instrutor: 3 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,6 – p<0,01), Body Pump© (terça-feira) (Instrutor: 2 vs. Alunas: 2,8 ± 0,6 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 4,8 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) ministradas na 1ª semana e nas aulas de Body Step© (Instrutor: 5 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 5,2 ± 0,5 – p<0,01) ministradas na 2ª semana. Os resultados sugerem que as aulas analisadas mantiveram o mesmo padrão de carga interna quando repetidas em semanas distintas. Entretanto, houve discrepância entre a intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas. Estes resultados apontam a importância do monitoramento das cargas de treinamento em aulas pré-formatadas, especialmente no contexto do fitness.

The aim of this study was to quantify internal training loadimposed on different pre-formatted classes Les Mills® system and compare the perception ofeffort planned by the instructor with perceived by the students. The sample consisted of 20young women. 10 lessons were monitored for two consecutive weeks. The internal loadwas determined by the perceived exertion of the session (session-PSE) method. thevalues of PSE-session did not differ significantly from the 1st to 2nd week (Body Combat ©= 252 ± 36 vs. UA 258 ± 39 - p = 0.64; © Body Pump (Tuesday) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30AU - p = 0.33; Body Step © = 246 ± 51 vs. UA- 252 ± 46 p = 0.43; © Body Pump (Thursday)= 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA- p = 0.06; Power Jump © = 291 ± 44 vs. UA- 315 ± 42 p = 0.06).Was no difference in 50% of lessons regarding the intensity planned by the instructor and theexperienced by the students: Body Combat © (Instructor: Students vs. 3: 4.2 ± 0.6 - p <0.01), Body© Pump (Tuesday) (Instructor: Students vs. 2: 2.8 ± 0.6 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: 6vs. Students: 4.8 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) in the 1st week and taught classes in Body Step © (Instructor:5 vs. Students: 4.2 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: Students vs. 6: 5.2 ± 0.5 - p <0.01)held in the 2nd week. The results suggest that the classes analyzed maintained the samestandard internal load when repeated in different weeks. However, there was a discrepancybetween the intensity planned by the instructor and experienced by the students. these resultsindicate the importance of monitoring training loads at pre-formatted classes,especially in the context of fitness.

Relação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores de adiposidade corporal em adolescentes / Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and indicators of body adiposity in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores de adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. MÉTODOS: 78 sujeitos (45 rapazes e 33 moças) foram avaliados quanto à massa corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular. O índice de massa corpórea e a somatória das duas dobras cutâneas foram calculados. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi analisada pelo teste de vai-e-vem de 20 metros de vários estágios e a estimativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio foi analisada por uma equação específica. Para a comparação entre os grupos, foi empregado o teste de Mann-Whitney e, para verificar a relação entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e os indicadores de adiposidade corporal, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Os adolescentes com alta aptidão cardiorrespiratória apresentaram sistematicamente valores mais baixos de gordura corporal em relação a seus pares com baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória (p<0,05), com diferenças variando entre 36 e 42 por cento para os rapazes e entre 14 e 33 por cento para as moças. Correlações negativas, moderadas e estatisticamente significativas foram verificadas entre os indicadores de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e de adiposidade corporal para ambos os sexos, com exceção do índice de massa corpórea. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que o aumento da adiposidade corporal pode influenciar negativamente a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes de ambos os sexos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and indicators of body adiposity in adolescents of both genders. METHODS: 78 subjects (45 boys and 33 girls) were evaluated for body mass, height and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. Body mass index and the sum of the two skinfolds thickness were determined. The cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the maximal multistage 20 meters shuttle run test, and the estimate of maximal oxygen uptake was evaluated by a specific equation. Groups were compared by Mann-Whitney test. The Spearman correlation index was applied to verify the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the indicators of body adiposity. RESULTS: The adolescents with high cardiorespiratory fitness presented lower values of body fat than their peers with low cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.05), with differences varying between 36 to 42 percent for boys and 14 to 33 percent for girls. Statistically significant negative and moderate correlations were noted between the indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and the body adiposity for both genders, with the exception of body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the body adiposity may have a negative influence on the cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescents of both genders.

Análise do efeito do treinamento e da maturação sexual sobre o somatotipo de jovens futebolistas / Analysis of the effect of training and sexual maturation in young soccer players somatotype

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as possíveis alteraçães nos componentes do somatotipo dejovens do sexo masculino, inseridos em um programa de treinamento sistematizado no futebol, considerando o grau de maturação em comparação com indivíduos não treinados. A amostra utilizada constituiu-se de 39 sujeitos, de 11 a 13 anos de idade, e foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo treinado com 22 sujeitos e grupo não treinado com 17 sujeitos. Para a avaliação do somatotipo, utilizou-se o método descrito por Heath-Carter, que se caracteriza pela avaliação de variáveisantropométricas e, para a determinação do estágio maturacional dos grupos, foram utilizados os procedimentos descritos por Tanner (1962). Quanto à verifi cação do efeito do treinamento e da maturação, bem como da interação entre eles, em relação aos resultados das variáveis estudadas, foram utilizados a ANOVA TWO-WAY e o teste ôPos-Hoc de Tukeyõ paraidentifi cação das possíveis diferenças signifi cativas entre as médias. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença entre os grupos avaliados e também não houve infl uência da maturação no somatotipo dos avaliados (p<0,05). Com base nesses resultados, pôde-se concluir que o treinamento intenso no futebol, realizado pela amostra estudada, não interferiu nos componentes da composição corporal, de forma a alterá-la signifi cativamente, em relação a indivíduos que não participam de nenhum tipo de treinamento sistematizado...

The present study aims to analyze the possible alterations in the components of somatotype in male adolescentsinserted in a systematized soccer training program, considering the stage of maturation in comparison to non-trained individuals. The sampler was composed by 39 subjects, with age between 11 and 13 years old, divided into two groups, being 22 in the trained group and 17 in the non trained group. The method described as Heath-Carter, characterized by the evaluation of anthropometric variable, was used to evaluate the somatotype while to determine the maturational stage ofgroups the procedures described by Tanner (1962) were used. For the verifi cation of the effect of training and maturation, as well as the interaction between them in the results of the studied variables, the Anova two-way and the Pos-Hoc of Tukey test were used in order to identify possible signifi cant differences between the averages. The results indicate there was no difference between the groups analyzed as well as there was not also, infl uence of maturation in the somatotype ofthe evaluated individuals (p<0,05). Based on these results, we could conclude that the intense soccer training, done by the studied sampler, did not interfere in the components of body composition to change it signifi cantly in relation to individualswho do not take part of any type of systematized training...